Saturday, January 12, 2013

World War II

Essay on
World War 2

War is one of the most tragic things in our world today. It is even sadder that usually it comes around at least once in our lifetime. In the 20th century alone we have already had two huge wars. These wars were call the World Wars simply because they involved most of the big countries of the world. Many people have died in these wars.. especially the second World War. That is my focus for this essay.

The leader of Germany at the time of WW2 and the person who most think started WW2 was a man named Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was born in Austria. By the time that World War 1 started in 1914, he was living in Germany. He served well in the German Army and for that he earned a medal for bravery. At the end of the war Hitler decided to take up politics. By 1921 he was already the founding leader of the Nazi party. Hitler was an incredibly racist man and he had a great hate for Jews. By 1933, Hitler gained political power by winning the election. Soon after he made himself absolute dictator, calling himself the Fuhrer which means "Leader". By the end of the 30's he was already sending Jews off too concentration camps to meet a horrible death.

I believe that Hitler was one of the greatest causes of World War 2. Although there are many other reasons, he was definitely one of them. Another reason was the Treaty of Versailles. This was the treaty that was signed at the end of World War 1. This treaty outlined the rules that Germany must follow because of their defeat by Britain and France. Many Germans were angered by the treaty, for most of the rules in the treaty were unfair and Germany lost a great amount of wealth. One of the cruelest reasons for the war was Hitler's racist hate for Jews. He would send them off in cattle cars to places called concentration camps were they would be slaughtered by the thousands.

World War 2 was huge and involved a lot of countries. There were thousands of battlefronts and warsites. The two main battlefronts were the battle front between Britain and Germany and the battlefront between the Japanese and the Americans. These battlefronts were split up into smaller battlefronts even still. Many lives were lost in the air, on land and in the sea. Some of the most notable battles were: The Battle of Britain, The Battle of Midway and The Battle of the Atlantic.

Since the US and Canada were at war with the Japanese, Japanese Canadians were treated very poorly. The government had decided that all or most Japanese Canadians, even if they were born in Canada had either go home or go and live in one of the camps.
These camps were made to keep all the Japanese Canadians together in one location. But the fact was that these camps were very dirty and not fair treatment. Also, the government took away all Japanese possessions and without the Japanese knowing, they were auctioned off at a fraction of their original value! This treatment went on for all of World War 2 and Japanese Canadians were not treaty fairly for many years after. Just recently the government of Canada has decided to pay compensation for their losses but most agree that it doesn't even come close to what they lost.

One of the greatest outcomes of the war was the great world power shift. For more than a century Great Britain had been the wealthiest and most powerful nation in the world. But they used up too many resources in the wars and their status greatly decreased. One person even wrote that it is not Great Britain any more... it is just Britain. People all over the world suffered through this war. Hundreds of thousands of people died. All for the sake of their countries. And you know what? No one actually gained anything from it. The fact is that all of the countries (excluding the US) lost much, much more than what they gained. Britain lost their power, France lost lives and land, Germany lost everything and
Japan lost thousands of civilians in their suicidal attacks called Kamikazes.

In my opinion the war was a total waste. Although some people will tell you that we fought and gained the peace that we have today and have had for almost fifty years. People fought for 5 years and lost more than 50 billion dollars. Do think it was worth it? Now, maybe if governments use the past as a guide to the future we won't have to fight such a bloody battle ever again. Especially with nuclear weapons so easily obtainable.

The Taiwanese Development Model from 1960 on

The Taiwanese Development Model Since 1960




According to Thomas Gold Taiwan offers a text book case of an elite-led revolution leading to social transformation. The stability of hard authoritarianism of the Taiwanese government laid the groundwork for Taiwanese development. The KMT's cohesiveness and political domination plus the economic development aid supplied by the United States also helped to provide good conditions for Taiwanese growth in the beginning. Once the KMT gained control of Taiwan they redistributed the land and launched a program of rehabilitation and industrialization. This period was responsible for the nationalization of many businesses formerly owned by the Japanese and the start of industrial production in Taiwan marked by a shift away from agriculture to industry. During the early period of industrialization Taiwan tried to create domestic markets for its goods. During the period from 1960 to 1973 Taiwan pursued export expansion in the area of industrial goods. During this period U.S. aid directed at Taiwan declined as did the islands geopolitical significance. To make up for this decline Taiwan focused on increasing its exports. The growth of the Taiwanese economy during this period according to Gold laid the ground work for the growth of opposition movements and loosening of the KMT"S grip on power. According to Gold this was because the changes in the Taiwanese economy brought about a middle class, a better educated populace, and a dispersion of industry through out the country. The Period from 1973 to 1984 Gold calls the time of industrial upgrading and the emergence of a political opposition. During this period Taiwan faced the oil shock, and increase in export prices due to a labor shortage that doubled workers salaries, a further loss of geopolitical prestige, and the growth of dissent and political opposition. Taiwan industrially during this time improved the quality and quantity of its exports.
The Taiwan industrial model was that of a elite run bureaucracy that tightly controlled its nations citizenry in authoritarian ways. This authoritarian government was able to effectively channel the energies of Taiwan toward modernization. This authoritarian government became a victim of its own success because as living and education standards rose the citizenry demanded a shift away from hard authoritarianism.
Taiwan is not a very good industrialization model for other countries to use outside of East Asia. This is because many of the factors that allowed Taiwanese industrialization were unique to Taiwan. First, Taiwan was colonized before 1950 by a developmentalist power, Japan to which is had close ties even after 1950. Second, Taiwan was the recipient of financial aid during its critical early years because of a inter-core competition for hegemony between China and the United States. Third, Taiwan benefited by having a implacable foe with a very different vision of development. Fourth, Taiwan was given breathing space following 1949, this enabled Taiwan to revive production and consolidate power without foreign powers interfering. All these factor make Taiwan unique from other nations that would try to copy it. One of the elements that nations should not copy from the Taiwan Model according to Gold is Taiwan's harsh authoritarian government which was much too strictly authoritarian and had a hard time changing as the attitudes of the Taiwanese people changed. (Gold's book was published years before the 1996 democratic elections in Taiwan) But Gold does say that Taiwan's development model does have some lessons that could be copied in other nations seeking to industrialize. These are a official commitment to development, land redistribution, fostering of agriculture, creation of extra-ministerial ministries to guide development, strategic credit allocation, collection and efficient management of data concerning the economy, investment in infrastructure and human capital, and proper allocation of foreign assistance. Taiwan's development model was a combination of an orwellian state and effective ways of industrializing. Taken as a whole the repressiveness of the Taiwanese model makes it undesirable for government to adopt; but other aspects of Taiwan's industrial policy could prove effective for countries outside of the pacific rim.

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire: Focus on Society


By the 16th century, the vast and mighty empire of the Ottomans
had reached the zenith of its power. The lands under Ottoman
rule stretched from the heart of Central Europe to the deserts of
Arabia. In nearly every respect, the Ottoman Empire was strong
and well-organized. As such, it comes as no surprise that the
people under Ottoman rule were organized in a neat power
structure as well. From the royal Sultan to the villagers in the
rayyah class, the people of the Empire each had a unique position
in Ottoman society.
At the very top of the pyramidal societal structure was the
Sultan, absolute commander of all, and executor of decisions
concerning politics and state wealth (for the purposes of serving
the state's interests). A step below the Sultan were a small
group of wealthy, esteemed leaders, who were ascribed special
status because they were essentially the Sultan's "slaves". The
main duties of this select little group were to protect and
enlarge the financial assets of the state for the benefit of
the Sultan and the Empire. These leaders also ruled and defended
the far-flung Ottoman Empire.
While the Sultan invested wealth and the leaders protected it,
the majority of commoners, the rayyahs, had the task of actually
producing the wealth. The rayyahs had to pay part of their
profits from industry, commerce, and farming to the state in the
form of taxes. Townsfolk, villagers, and pastoral peoples made up
the eclectic mix of the rayyah class. The word "rayyah" literally
translates into "the protected flock of the Sultan".
While Ottoman society was clearly divided into distinct social
classes, these classes were neither closed nor confining, meaning
that with the proper attributes and luck, a man could raise his
social status. For example, to be a member of the small ruling
class below the Sultan, one had to possess the following three
qualities:

- deep-rooted patriotism and loyalty for the Empire and the
Sultan.
- acceptance and practice of Islam, which was integrated into the
Ottoman lifestyle.
- knowledge and practice of the Ottoman Way, which consisted of
complex customs, behavior, and language.

If a rayyah possessed these qualities, he had a chance of
becoming one of the numbered leaders. On the other hand, if a
leader appeared to be lacking one or more of these qualities, he
could just as easily be removed from his position and sink to
being a rayyah again. The shaping force behind the Ottoman Empire
was most definitely the religion of Islam. As a result, religion
became a foremost guiding factor in people's lives. To maintain
religious harmony and unity among the diverse Muslim and non-
Muslim sects of the Empire, the rayyah class were given the right
to organize themselves as they wished. What happened next is that
people gravitated towards religion-dictated groups. The people of
each important religion and/or sect organized themselves into
self-centered, self-governing communities called millets.
Millets were like mini-states, that regulated smaller civic
matters such as marriages, deaths, etc. In a sense, the Ottoman
Empire was like the United States is today; a powerful "federal"
government that ruled from the seat of power in Istanbul, while
"millet state" governments ruled over their small vicinities. The
significance of millets is that they kept diverse peoples from
clashing too much, since each cultural/religious group maintained
a dignified distance from each other. This is not to say that the
populace of the Ottoman Empire could not get along together
though. The people of the Ottoman Empire were united through
other common interests, morals, and ideals, as well as by an
overwhelming unanimous loyalty to the Sultan himself.
Such was the harmonious and organized society of the Ottoman
Empire, the huge empire that left its mark on Turkey - and the
world - forever. Neatly categorized into unique positions, each
individual in the Ottoman Empire had his or her own part to play
in society, a role to fulfill in order to contribute to the
overall success of the state.

Word Count: 614

Genocide

From the time humans existed, hatred seemed to be the dominant trait that possessed the souls of men. It was inevitable emotions could provoke people to engage in acts without thinking; but it was the acts that were premeditated which were classified as evil and brutal. A. M. Rosenthal, the author of No News From Auschwitz, described a single moment in history where these kinds of acts were invoked. This appalling endeavor is known as genocide which is the deliberate destruction of a national, racial or a religious group (Winston Dictionary). Genocide is universal rather than limited to one time and one group of people.
The Catholics in Ireland were being threatened and eliminated by the Puritans. The typical Irish lifestyle came to an abrupt halt during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Lewis 9). In 1641, the Norman-Irish, who were worried that their lands would be lost, and the native Irish, who were forced to accept an unfamiliar culture, rebelled (Lewis 9). In 1649, Oliver Cromwell, leader of the Parliamentarians in the English Civil war, lead the Puritans into a bloodbath against the Catholics (Lewis 9). "He did it brutally, massacring the Irish without mercy and called the large scale killing 'the righteous judgements and mighty works of God'" (Meyer 78). Thousands of Catholics preferred to suffer and die than deny their faith (Firth 10). By the middle of the seventeenth century, the Protestants settled on the land they seized from the Catholics and the Catholics were forced to colonize in towns which clung to wild coastlines with dangerous tides (Meyer 78). The differences

2.

between the lives of the Catholics and Protestants were clear and the foundation for their troubles had been laid (Meyer 78).
Another case of genocide occurred when the Armenians were eradicated by the Turks from the Ottoman Empire (Armenian Genocide). During 1915 and 1916, one and a half million Armenians were killed. "The Armenian Genocide was masterminded by the Central Committee of the Young Turk Party" (Armenian Genocide). The extermination of the Armenians occurred in a systematic fashion.
First the Armenians in the army were disarmed, placed into labor battalions and then killed. Then the Armenian political and intellectual leaders were rounded up on April 24, 1915, and killed. Finally, the remaining Armenians were called from their homes and told they would be relocated ... and then marched off to concentration camps ... in the desert ... would starve and thirst to death in the burning sun (Armenian Genocide).
To this present day, the Turkish Government denied these allegations. They claimed the Armenians were only removed from a "war-zone." The leaders of the Young Turk Government were found guilty of carrying out the killing by a secret network (Armenian Genocide). The decision to eradicate the Armenians was not an impulsive decision, but "the result of extensive and profound deliberations" (Armenian Genocide).
In the case with China, genocide resulted in the

3.

extermination of the newly born female infants. Since ancient times, the Chinese have regarded the males to be precious and more prestigious than the females. The birth of a boy signifies wealth, prosperity and luck (Chow). The Chinese Government recently passed a law which limited the birth of children to one child per family in order to decrease the current population. If the first born was a girl, the parents would kill the toddler in order to receive another chance at conceiving a son. The son is deemed as the "golden child" because he will keep the family name alive (Chow). The female babies are eliminated by suffocation immediately so the parents do not develop an emotional bond. Their lifeless bodies are wrapped in a thin cloth and are buried like meaningless possessions (Chow). These cruel acts took place without the government's knowledge. This phenomenon is not as frequent as it was when the law was first introduced.
Undoubtably, genocide is an inhumane course of action chosen by irrational individuals. The bloodshed of the Puritans against the Catholics, Turks against the Armenians, and the Chinese parents against their very own flesh and blood were only a few examples of the numerous situations of this sort of calamity. Indeed, it was evident genocide has no boundaries, and was not confined to a specific moment in history or one category of people. It is sad but true, the beliefs of one person could eliminate the existence of people with different denominations.

Saturday, January 5, 2013

U S entering WWII

1. Why did the U.S. get involved in the war?
1. At the beginning, the United States expressed the
determination to remain a neutral nation. When W.W.II
began, opinions among the Americans were divided. Some felt
that the Nazi Germany was not only a threat to Europe and
democracy, but to civilization itself. Other believed that
Europe's wars were no affairs of the U.S.
As the war progressed, the U.S. found itself getting
involved. They felt sympathy for the British after what
happened at Dunkirk. They started helping G.B. with weapons
and food. 50 old American naval destroyers were sent to
Britain. Now it was clear the U.S. were on the Allies side
but they still weren't physically involved in the big war.
On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise
attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Their aim was to strike such a severe blow that the U.S.
would not rival the Japanese in the Pacific(boy were they
wrong or what). American ships were sunk or badly damaged.
American dead totaled over 2,300. The United States weren't
going to take that from the Japanese and on December 8,
1941, congress declared war on Japan and so did the British
Parliament. Three days later, Germany and Italy declared
war on the U.S., and the congress replied with its own
declaration of war. At this time, the United States of
America were full-fledged belligerent in World War II.

The passivness of the Counquered Peoples

Many students of African history wonder why the

native people of Africa did not rise up in violent

rebellion against their Imperialist conquerers.

What many do not know though, is that some tribes did.

One of these tribes was the nation that we now know

as Senegal.

In the 1800's, there was no Senegal but there was a

nation that became Senegal much later. The tribe was

ruled by Samori Toure when the Europeans started coming.

Samori Toure signed an agreement with the French

in an effort to keep the land they had owned for

centuries. Unfortunately, the French broke the

agreement and war broke out for 7 years. The

people of Senegal were defeated in 1898. This war

was one of the few examples of overt resistance

during the colonization of Africa.

The geographical situation of the people of Senegal

was one of the reasons that lost the war. First of all,

Senegal is located on the North Western coast of Africa,

making it easily accessible for the Europeans. Also, one

very negative feature was the flatness of the land, which

made the natives face the superior weapons of the French

head on.




Websters Concise World Atlas
Barnes and Noble Books, New York 1995

Scramble for Africa Anthony Nutting
E.P. Dutton and Co. , San Francisco 1971

World History Burton F. Beers
Prentice Hall , New York 1993

The Injustice of Slavery

The Injustice of Slavery

Slaves were people who were taken from their home land in Africa and brought to America, to serve as servants on farms, doing household chores, etc. Slaves were used from the beginning of time, by people like the Egyptians. Now a days it is illegal to own slaves, but it still happens. And to this day African Americans are discriminated. In my opinion, that is just not fair, they did not ask to come over to our country, we brought them here. We are the ones to blame. Yet, they have to pay. If you were a black man and had a trial with a white jury, you will probably be guilty. If you are a black man, many white people will try to steer clear of you, or look at you in a funny way.

How did slaves actually become free, you might be asking yourself. It all began with a man named Abraham Lincoln, he wanted to set slaves free. But the southern states had large plantations and needed slaves to help, so this was not a good idea, in their opinion. This controversy led to the Civil War, which was eventually won by the north, and slaves were set free in America. But people discriminated slaves very much, and that was not good.

Discrimination of African Americans is not that big now a days, but it is still out there. Discrimination sort of died out when a man named Martin Luther King, Jr. expressed some of his thoughts about discrimination. His famous speech was entitled "I Have a Dream". Back before his speech, African Americans were not treated as people. They had to stand at the back of the bus, they had to live in a certain area of town, they could not use the white restrooms or white drinking fountains, they could not even eat in the same restaurants as white people. Thanks to many people like Martin Luther King Jr. this is non-existent today.


To conclude my report, I would like to say how bad I think slavery actually was. To just take these people from their homelands and take them to a place where they would be mistreated, beaten, and even killed, is just totally un-ethical.

The French and Indian War

The French and Indian War


The French and Indian War was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed.

The Emmitt Zone

4-18-97
Book Report
Steve Delsohn's, The Emmitt Zone, was a fascinating book. It gave insight into the life of an NFL player, as well as to the life of Emmitt Smith. It was a non-fiction book. Telling of Emmitts life ever since he was big enough to hold a football, to the present day.
Emmitt Smith came from the town of Pensacola in Florida. In his family were his two brothers and his sister. Since his parents did not make that much money, and Emmitt wanted to go to college, he knew he was going to have to pay his own way. However, his football skills permitted him to attend college on a full-ride scholarship. No one in Emmitt's family had ever been to college. So it was a great accomplishment for him as well as his family for Emmitt to be able to attend FSU and eventually graduate from there.
After setting many collegiate football records as a top-notched, blue chip running back, he was drafted by a skeptical Dallas Cowboys football team. Jimmy Johnson, the head coach, knew that he would develop into the type of team leader and player the cowboys needed. Even though owner Jerry Jones was skeptical about the draft choice that Johnson was quietly pursuing.
Emmitt proved to coach Jimmy Johnson that he had made the right pick by setting a record, three straight NFL rushing titles. Not even the great Walter Payton or Jim Brown had ever done this. This is what labeled Emmitt Smith as one of the best football players ever to step onto a turf or grass field. He was quoted by Jimmy Johnson saying, "Emmitt makes everyone around him a better player just by his presence."
All in all, this was a good book. I learned all about the kind of records Emmitt Smith set. I learned that not all people are as fortunate as Emmitt to have a great skill and be able to take it on.

Speech

I have a vision, that all people be treated equally. Race, religion, sex, age, and other petty differences should not mater. Every one has a rite to me here, on Earth. Everyone has a rite to be heard. I hope that some day, when a person looks at another they won¹t judge them until they actually meet them. Race, religion, sex, and age doesn¹t make someone any less of a person.
Age should not mater. Both young and old have a rite to be heard. As long as a person is educated about something, they have a rite to form an opinion about it. Children are no less of people because they are young.
Sex should not mater. Both men and women are people, therefore, they should be treated with respect. Many men and women are harassed every day by the opposite sex. People should realize that without the opposite sex, it would mean the end of the human race. So both men and women are just as important as the other.
Religion should not mater. A person is raised to believe something. No religion is wrong. Any person could argue that another religion is wrong. So if you tell someone that they are believing the wrong thing, they could same to you. No religion is wrong.
Reverse discrimination is also wrong. It isn¹t a person¹s fault that people of their race and sex usually get a brake. Reverse discrimination is still discrimination, and all discrimination is wrong. All discrimination is the same. No one should discriminate against another ever. Especially if I it is to bring them self up.
I hope that all people will learn to go about things in a peaceful way. So many people have died in the past because someone was trying to make a statement. None of these people should have died. In society today we kill and will continue to kill to bring justice. Will we ever learn that as long as we keep trying to get people back for what others have done to us, there will never be peace.
In conclusion, people are people, discrimination is discrimination, and what¹s wrong is wrong. No one is any better than anyone else. I hope that someday people will stop trying to get back at one another. Until this happens there will never be peace.

numbers versus reality

More and more women are being elected to the House of Commons today.
However, this does not mean that there is an increase in the mobilization
of women's issues. There is a need for a "critical mass" to be achieved
before the voices of women shall be heard in elite politics. This "critical
mass" theory say that when the number of women reach 30% then they become
a real force in politics. Having more women visible in the media is making
the idea of becoming a politician more and more feasible to young people.
Role models are extremely important. Presently, women compose of 19% of the
House of Commons. Who knows, maybe five years from now,
the "critical mass" of 30% shall be achieved. Then, women's voices shall
really be heard and the increase in representation will amount to an increase
in policy.

Montezuma Ruler of the Aztecs

Montezuma

Montezuma was the ruler of the Aztecs. Aztecs lived
in Mexico around

the 1400's to 1500's. They were an advanced civilization.
Their religion

seemed brutal to us but normal to them. Their clothes and
customs have

changed.

Aztecs lived where southern Mexico is today.
Tenochtitlan was their

capital until Spain came around. Due to their religion and
customs, Hernando

Cortez, leader of the Spanish Conquest, was believed to be a
white god. He

made Montezuma prisoner and captured Tenoctitlan and renamed
it Mexico City.

Sacrificing people to gods was a normal thing. They
would sacrifice

slaves and prisoners. That is why they waged war with
people. Usually they

cut the heart out of a living victim. They thought if you
ate someone's flesh,

you obtained their courage. Every 52 years, they had a new
beginning. They

would light a fire on someone's chest who is alive, then
people put their blood

on it so they could become part of it.

Very much do you hear of their culture today and
very few people can

speak their language. Their clothes and ways have changed.
Their culture

was advanced, large and successful for a period of time.

Mary Astell extreme solutions

Discussion Question: Why did Mary Astell suggest such extreme solutions as a learning environment for woman, and is it necessary?

In Mary Astell's From A Serious Proposal to the Ladies is a plea for intellectual equality among the sexes. The author was tired of the oppressive nature of man, which kept her and her sisters from developing their minds. She felt that females back then should have the same rights as women have achieved through the Civil Rights Movement today. Her answer to this was "A Religious Retirement." It is Mary Astell's ideal place to end her intellectual suffering and open new doors for the female mind. I feel that Mary went a little to far with this idea. She wanted to segregate males and females, live in a convent, and find alternates to marriage for women, which, I guess, would be the same as living in a convent. Mary was a feminist which I feel lead her to be so aggressive in this proposal, but I can understand why she is mad. I would feel the same way if I was not aloud to attend Florida State because of some ridiculous stereotype, for example, due to the fact I am a male. I guess I would also want a separate place to learn if society shunned me for who I am and what I wanted to do with my mind, but I would not exclude people to the same degree that Mary wanted to. So these places that Mary Astell wanted to create do have some merit to them. For without them, women of that time, unless rich, would not have been able to be educated.

MARTIN LUTHER KING

"Martin Luther King, Jr."

The reason we celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. day is because Martin Luther King Jr., a Clergy and Civil Rights Activist, made it clear to all Americans that all men are equal, white or black.
Rosa Parks was on a bus one day when a white man asked her to move and give him her seat. She was arrested after she constantly refused to let the man have the seat. This formed the beginning of a boycott. Martin Luther King Jr. was chosen to lead the bus boycott. The boycott was held
because black people were forced to sit in the back of the bus. He told all the black people not to ride the bus.
Martin Luther King Jr. was sent to jail for this 381-day boycott. His house was bombed, and he was constantly threatened by death. Then, he made his famous "I have a dream" speech, which motivated thousands of people around the United States. Martin Luther King was assasinated in 1968.
Martin Luther King Jr. is not only remembered for his acts, but also because he fought back non-violently, and also stopped many black riots. For all of this, we remember him on Martin Luther King Jr.'s Day.

Indians

The Iroquois is a tribe of the Eastern Woodland indians. The Iroquois is one tribe that is seperated

into five groups. These groups are called , Seneca , Cayuga , Onondags , Oneida , and Mohawk. In the

eigh-teenth century Tuscarora became another one of the five groups. Those are the six Iroquoisan

tribe groups.

The Iroquois indians are located in the northern part of New York.They are also located by one of the

Great Lakes , Lake Superior.Being near Lake Superior can help the tribe. The men can go fishing or

hunting. This helps get food.
Indians


The Iroquois indians lived in long house. The house name is called "longhouse." The longhouse held up

to six to seven families at one time. In the longhouses the Iroquois held meeting about making "peace." In a
s
peace conference they would pick male sachems , or peace chief.



I Kris Kleen give away all copyrights to cheathouse

Fuedlism

Feudalism

Well, most people don't recognise this, but the chess board at your house or that you have know is call "The Feudal System". The kings and the queen, the knights, castles, bishop ...... they are base on this historic system. Well it was first, in the early time of our history, most of the people live their live their live by hard work on their land, and there was so much war going on that time, and that justice was unfair. Sooo, the weak would look to the strong for help, and protection and in return they would pay them back in many different ways. well that system was call "the feudal system". Then it later, the feudal system became a means of defending, and support the king who is at reign a well trained army. And that every kings no matter great or small, powerful or weak, must have lords that obey and respect him to serve him. And in return that would receive protection and support from the king.

Feudalism first started in the land which is known as France now. Yahh, sooo, hmmm, anyway the frankish king had a problem with their the territories were invaded and that they are more interested in fighting each other rather than fighting their enermys. Soo lack of money and.

Earthquake San Francisco 1906

Earthquake San Francisco- 1906

On the morning 12 past 5:00 San Francisco suffered a major earthquake that killed 3000 people, the earthquake lasted for about 40 seconds and was recorded at 8.3 on the Richter Scale.

People ran from there houses and some stayed inside the buildings and were crushed. The people who ran in the streets were killed by toppled buildings falling from above. There fire department was efficient but the water pipes that go down the San Andreas Fault were severed. The fire could not be stopped because there were now water until the next couple of days. Gas mains blew and caused massive fires all around the city. The city was in the middle of a great economic boom and almost all was lost on that day. The old buildings were never made to withstand earthquakes and easily crumbled and fell crushed people. Some sailers on the coast tried to leave but the waves flew the boats around like toys. The buildings were made out of unreined forced brick or wood which couldn't withstand a earthquake of that magnitude.

After the earthquake, they noticed that the San Andreas Fault shifted a 250-mile long section witch tore roads and fences. Rivers, roads and power lines were severed and not aligned with its surroundings. A road across the fault ended up 21 feet north of the road to the east same with the rivers and creeks.

The earthquake's most damage were in Los Bonas 30km east of the fault yet there was little damage along towns to the east side of San Francisco Bay such as Berkely, 25km east of the fault. And the capital of California Sacramento that was 120km east of the rupture showed no damage.

Scientists found out that the earthquake originated north of Oregon and south to Los Angeles a total of 1170 Km.

Knowing now that buildings could not withstand a earthquake with unreiforced brick, the new San Francisco would have buildings that can handle major earthquakes by constructing them so that they sway back and fourth rather than just simply crumbling to the ground killing people.

The San Andreas fault is formed by the Pacific plate sliding north and the North American plate running South. The two slide together caused the earthquake.

The most recent earthquake in that area today, was in 1990 in San Francisco which measured around 8.3 on the richter scale but it wasn't a bad as the one in 1906.

Contras of millays LAment and Cummings since feeling is

Millay vs Cummings

"lament" by Edna St. Vincent Millay and "Since Felling Is First by e.e. Cummings are two very different poems. The poems are diiferent in style and tone.

In Millay's poem "Lmaent" the theme is dealing with death an ho we must act in order to accept it. In "since Feeling Is First, Cumming's theme is just the opposite. Cummings is saying we should enjoy life by acting like a fool and not talin things seriously.

Millay stresses the unimportance of feelin. "life must go on,/ And the dead by forgotten" (15-16). Cummmings attitude is totally different. He believes that feelings are very important. Cummings streeses that being foolish is better than being smart and serious: "and kisses are better fate/ than wisdom."(8-9)

Millay uses simple language, where as cummings uses more complete language. In "Lament," Millay stresses her point by usingan unusual style of writing.

Teh tone in "lament" is very somber. Millay is writing about the death of a woman's husband and how the wife feels that "Life must go on". (21) although she has forgotton just why. The wife is trying to forget about her husbands death: "and the dead be forgottne" (16). The tone of (since feeling is first" is a happy tone. A man is telling his girlfriend to enjoy life and stop being so serious.

Buffalo Soldiers

Buffalo Soldiers
"Buffalo Soldiers" was the name given to African-American cavalrymen by their
native-American antagonists during the Indian Wars in the post-Civil War American
West. The first men to serve in all-black army units did so in the Union Army, during the
Civil War. The initial all-black regiment, the 54th Massachusetts, trained by its white
commander, Col. Robert G. Shaw, suffered heavy casualties in a heroic, though
unsuccessful attempt to capture Fort Wagner at Charleston (S.C.) harbor in July 1863. In
all, about 209,000 ex-slaves and free blacks served in the Union Army, and more than
68,000 of them died in battle or from wounds or disease. After the Civil War, Congress
authorized two cavalry regiments and four infantry regiments of black troops, who were
led by white officers. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments were formed in 1866 and were
used to control "hostile" Indian tribes in the West for the next 25 years. Despite
prejudicial treatment by some army officers, as well as open prejudice displayed by many
civilians in frontier towns, the black regiments performed effectively. They fought
innumerable skirmishes and running battles with Indian warriors in the Great Plains,
western Texas, the southwestern desert, and the mountains of Colorado. One company of
the 9th regiment fought in the last battle of the Indian Wars, at Wounded Knee, S. Dak.,
in December 1890. The black troops were proud to be called Buffalo Soldiers; in fact, the
regimental crest of the 10th cavalry bore the figure of a buffalo.

aztecs

The Aztecs

The Aztec people ruled from the Gulf of Mexico to present day Guatemala. There capital city was Tenochititlan.



The greatest controlling force was religion. It was shown in their architecture and sculpture. They also had writing, numbers and a calendar. They had recorded dates for religious holidays.



The children were taught respect, courtesy, truthfulness and self control. Aztec boys learned practical tasks from their fathers at home. Then when they reached 15 they went to a youth house. There elders taught the boys religion, citizenship, history, traditions and art. They also learned war.



Girls could also learn to be priestesses in temple schools.



The Aztecs were divided into tribes that were dived into clans. Each clan had its own officials that represented them at tribal meetings.



The land was dived up by the tribes. They controlled the land but the peasants farmed it having to give some of it to the chiefs and priests.



The Aztecs worshipped a host of gods that represented nature. To win the gods aid they performed rituals and offered penance. Human sacrifice played an important role. Since life was a mans most valued possession it was the best thing to offer up to the gods. As the Aztec empire grew so did the human sacrifice.



Sometimes the Aztecs performed cannibalism, believing they absorb the virtues of the slain. The sacrificed people were thought to be given a high place in heaven.



The average Aztec was a farmer. He lived outside the city and grew crops for his tribe. Farming was the most important means of survival due to the warm, humid climate. They lived in small huts. The male was the head of the family. He would often arrange marriages for their children. The language they spoke was the Nahuan language that originated from the west coast of the united states. They wore elaborate colorful clothing made from animal skins that were traded from northern tribes. I personally like the cities they built. The did not have the wheel yet they built some of the most beautiful cities in the world.



They were at their prime when the Spanish arrived. They saw their practices and considered them barbaric. They destroyed all but a few records of them and tried to convert them. even though they were almost destroyed the Aztec people live on in present day Mexicans today.

African Art

African Art

The traditional art of Africa plays a major part in the
African society. Most ceremonies and activities (such as singing,
dancing, storytelling, ect.) can not function without visual art. It
can also be used as an implement and insignia of rank or prestige, or
have a religious significance.African art consists mainly of
sculptures, paintings, fetishes, masks, figures, and decorative
objects.
Sculptures are considered to be the greatest achievement for
African art. A majority of the sculptures are done in wood but are
also made of metal, stone, terra-cotta, mud, beadwork, ivory, and
other materials. It is found in many parts of Africa but mainly in
western and central Africa. Many ancient rock paintings have been
found in Southern and Eastern Africa. These paintings are believed to
be attributed to the SAN (Bushman) people. Masks and fetishes are
often used to scare off bad things such as evil spirits, witches or
ghosts. They are also used to bring about a desired end-break a bad
habit, improve ones love life, or kill a natural or supernatural
enemy.
There are three basic themes of African art. The first is the
dualism between bush and village. African tribes wear masks and
headresses: the male is represented by the elephant, the most powerful
of bush creatures and the female is delicately coiffed to express
refinement and civilization. The second theme of African art is the
problematic relationships between the sexes.African tribes use art as
a therapeutic device to deal with the problems and issues dealing with
the relations between the sexes. The third theme is the struggle to
control natural or supernatural forces to achieve a desired end.
African tribes often use masks in ceremonies (called Gelede) to
please and honor the forces.
For each region in Africa,there is a different style of
art. The western Sudanic Region have masks and figures representing
legendary ancestors and religious sacrifices. The central Sudanic
Region art includes mud architecture, embroidered textiles, elaborate
coiffure, metal and beadwork jewelry,and leatherwork. This style
usually doesn't represent anything special. The west Guinea Coast
Region use masks and figures to police ceremonies,punish people for
doing something wrong, settle land-owning problems and start or end
wars. The Central Guinea Coast Region art employs aristocratic
materials. Specialized artists creature works of art for the leaders
that include: stools, drums, cloth, pottery, terra-cotta, figures,
miniature masks, combs, mirrors, pipes, and carved musical
instruments.
African art is traditionally essential and optimistic. Without
art, there would be no African culture.

Friday, January 4, 2013

The Policies the Meiji Government Used to Further Industriali

The Strategies The Meiji Government Used to Achieve Economic Development?







The Meiji government during the 1880's created both an institutional and constitution structure that allowed Japan in the coming decades to be a stabile and industrializing country. Two major policies and strategies that reinforced stability and economic modernization in Japan were the creation of a national public education system and the ratification of the Meiji constitution. Both these aided in stability and thus economic growth.
The creation of a national education system aided in creating stability because it indoctrinated youth in the ideas of loyalty, patriotism, and obedience. Japan's education system at first stressed free thought and the ideas of individual's exploration of knowledge but by 1890 the education system of Japan became a tool for indoctrination into what Peter Duus calls "a kind of civil religion" with the Imperial Rescript on Education. This Rescript stressed two things. First, it stressed loyalty to the emperor and to a lesser extant to the state. In every classroom a picture of the emperor was placed. Second, the education system stressed self sacrifice to the state and family. Filial piety was taught in schools and applied not only to the family but also to the national family which included father, teacher, official and employer. The Japanese education system also created a system of technical schools and universities both public and private that educated a growing class of Japanese on how to use new western machinery, administrate government and run private industries. The Japanese education system following the Rescript on Education served primarily to teach people what to think and not how to think; and as Edwin Reischauer stated, "Japan pioneered in the modern totalitarian technique of using the educational system for indoctrination and was in fact decades ahead of countries like Germany in perfecting these techniques." Japan's education system was a tool in creating for Japan a reliable citizenry who respected the government and had the knowledge to act as "technically efficient clogs" in the new industries and administration that an industrializing state created.
The ratification of the Meiji constitution drafted in the summer of 1887 and signed into law in 1889 helped create a stable constitutional order in Japan. The constitution was a gift of the emperor to the people and was made up of a complicated set of checks and balances between the emperor, his cabinet, and the Diet. The constitution although it granted voting rights to only one percent of the population in Japan was well received by the people and played a critical role in lending legitimacy to the oligarchy (Genro) who ran the government. Before the constitution the Genro had little basis in theory for their continued rule other then they spoke for the emperor. But the constitution with its elections and bicameral diet lender legitimacy to the rule of the oligarchy. The constitution also brought Japan at least in the minds of the oligarchy to parity with western political institutions. Indeed, the ruling group in Japan passed the constitution through not because of popular pressure but because they thought a constitution and parliamentary government was a necessary part of the political machinery that helped make western powers strong. In the long term the parliamentary government of Japan and its constitution provided a stable government with its mix of oligarchy, monarchy, and a little democracy for the wealthy. It ensured investors and the Zaibutsu a say in government and promoted growth by creating a stabile government that was critical to ensuring investors will put capital in businesses. Both the new education and governmental structure of Japan passed in the 1880's and 1890's was essential to Japanese stability and economic and industrial growth.

The Killer Angels

Joseph E. Seguin
Ms. Weis
U.S. History AP
5 December 1996
The Killer Angels Opinion and Commentary
In the novel The Killer Angels, Mr. Shaara's historical accuracy is unquestionable. He has written this fabulous (Pulitzer Prize winning) novel. Although the heroic suicidal charge of the 10th Minnesotans on the second day of the battle was left out, Shaara focuses on Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and the 20th Maine which makes up for the lapse. It is safe to say that no other novel has so closely allowed the reader to understand the peculiar madness of this civil war.
After reading this powerful, exciting novel one assumes that whenever cultures clash, there will be a final conflict. By showing the reader what the principals of this great battle were (and may have been) current thinking on multiculturalism are highlighted in a new and perplexing way. This was a great feet for a book written in 1974 to be so magnificent.
The Killer Angels has been made into a five hour long motion picture and is called 'Gettysburg.' The novel is so compelling that the story seldomly deviates from the movie. The movie illustrates Mr. Shaara's ability to tell a complex story with clarity. The novel shows a great depiction of the tragedy of war, like in the part when Armistead races into battle, even though he is fighting his best friend (Hancock), and they both get shot. It really shows the views of each side, and what each character felt.
The Killer Angels' will satisfy both the history buff and the Civil War buff. But, the sense of duty, honor, and the appalling loss of life as well as the unbelievable heroism displayed by both sides in the battle will move many readers.
The Killer Angels Summary
This outstanding historical novel depicts four days at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania which occur during summer of 1863. These crucial days are the turning point of the American Civil War and the strong days of the Confederacy. In just three days of slaughter in Eastern Pennsylvania, there was one-third as many casualties as during the three years of the Korean War. At the beginning, General Robert E. Lee leads a confident, flawless Confederate Army north into Pennsylvania. There, they hope to demolish the Union Army by provoking it into an attack. Colonel Chamberlain leads a desperate charge of the 20th Maine. For Colonel Chamberlain's actions, he later received the Congressional Medal of Honor. This is told with such force and clarity that the reader smells the gun smoke, hears the rebel yells, feels the heat and desperation and experiences the exhaustion and relief of the Union troops when the day is finally won.
At one point, Buford finishes a battle and goes to the cemetery on the hill. He had been hit on his left arm. There were barely any of his calvary left. This scene described a sadness that Buford experienced. On the third and final day of actual conflict, Pickett's Charge is told with great patience and sensitivity. This was a highlight of the novel. During this run, 15,000 Confederate troops attacked a stable Union position that was spread across almost a mile of open ground. Many men died at this event. The conflicting strategies, which confronted General Lee, led him to order this ill-fated attack. These strategies are then further explained.
Mr. Shaara offers some insights into the nature of men (Killer Angels) and war. He states that the war was fought because of a clash in cultures and that the Union Army fought, not for plunder, loot, or power, but to make people free. He also makes it clear that the Confederate leaders and soldiers also fought for a different sense of freedom. The conflicts within men, who having vowed in happier times to never take arms against each other, yet nevertheless find themselves on opposite sides of a battlefield. The book closes with General Lee leading his weakened forces on a retreat south to the safety of Virginia after having lost thousands of men in furious assaults on Union positions.





















BIBLIOGRAPHY
Shaara, Michael. The Killer Angels. New York: Ballantine Books, 1974.

Jays Treaty

Jay's Treaty
"If this country is preserved in tranquillity twenty years longer, it may bid defiance in a just cause to any power whatever; such in that time will be its popularity, wealth and resources," stated by George Washington in response to demonstrators over the Jay Treaty. 1 Washington's remark was regarding the public's uproar following the release of information on the status of the discord with Great Britain. The people had just been informed of the contents of the Jay Treaty which were: 1) Britain agreed to give up the fur posts in American territory, 2) Britain also agreed to submit to arbitration the questions of disputed boundaries, the damage done to American shipping, and the debts due to British merchants. Although the people did not like these terms, Washington supported them to prevent us from going to war. Washington made his first move by sending a delegate to England, and furthermore by standing up to congress to get this treaty ratified. He demonstrates again his great moral courage for the welfare of his country.
Although Washington himself did not write the treaty he deserves all the credit for initiating it in the first place. The times had become rough with the British, and according to Hamilton the British were a vital part of our economy. He said " ...the tax on imports furnished much of the money for paying off our foreign, domestic, and state debts." 2 Along with the British's impressment of American seamen and their role in our economy Washington knew something had to be done. Washington knew that the tension between America and England had to be thinned out so he decided to send over a special envoy. The individual chosen for the job was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Jay. John Jay had much experience in this department because he was the former Secretary for Foreign Affairs under the old Confederation. His objective was to make peace between the two countries. He was under instructions to make no commitment in violation of the treaties with France. Fortunately, Washington came to terms to do this, otherwise our infant country may never have grown into what it is today. This indubitably turned out to be one of Washington's bolder moves towards assisting his country.
Another powerful move was demonstrated by Washington as he persuaded the Senate to ratify the treaty. The Jay Treaty was signed on November 19th , 1794, but was not ratified by the Senate until seven months later. "President George Washington's signing of the Jay Treaty provoked unimaginable criticism of his character and policies and changed the focus of the debate over the treaty." 3 Some of the Americans wanted to go to war, so essentially George Washington was putting his name on the line to get this treaty ratified. The Republicans in the House attempted to block the treaty by denying the appropriation for enforcing its provisions. The House request for the papers relating to Jay's Treaty was refused by Washington because the concurrence of the two Houses was not required to give validity to a treaty and "because of the necessity of maintaining the boundaries fixed by the Constitution." 4 Again, the people are lucky to have a persistent leader who deserves credit for saving our country.
The prominent individual who deserves all the credit in nurturing our country from its young and early days is unquestionably George Washington. The passage of the Jay Treaty was instrumental in allowing the young country to develop economically and ultimately prevent war with Britain. The second influential move he made was to have this treaty ratified. He argued that the country did not need to draw itself into a war with a country that held ninety percent of its imports. Washington had to fight for this with his reputation and even his life. These were the visions of George Washington. As the years went by because of George Washington, the United States and Great Britain were able to settle their differences peacefully. In doing so they followed the precedent of arbitration established in Jay's Treaty and they demonstrated to the world one way of avoiding wars. 5

de tocqueville

Insights on De Tocqueville's Democracy In America

It has been said that a French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville, who visited the United States in the 1830's, "understood us" in a way that few observers (foreign and domestic) have. Furthermore, Tocqueville's Democracy in America is often cited by present-day critics because so many of the observations in it seem extraordinarily suitable even more than one hundred and fifty years later. Alexis de Tocqueville was born 1805 into a minor noble family, in which his grandfather had been guillotined during the French Revolution. He had come to the United States in 1831 to study the prison system, in which he did not do, instead he wrote Democracy in America. He had stayed in the United States through February 1832 for about nine months, so intrigued by democracy, majority rule, and the absence of social hierarchy. Democracy in America was first published in 1825, full of observations and interpretations, was written as a sort of warning for European readers; "Is this what you want?" he asks. This book was famous for two accurate predictions, one, the U.S. would someday be a world power as would Russia, second, race would prove to be the most intractable problem for the U.S.

One of Tocqueville's observations about the United States is that he thought there is no country in the civilized world that is less attention paid philosophy than the United States. This is applicable to American life in 1997 because the whole world is practically joined to the United States. Just about every country in the world trades with, tours in, and watches for the United States. What I mean by watches is that they practically always know what's going on (except for the top-secret things) in the United States, whether it be by television, computers, or satellites they know what the U.S. is doing. The U.S. is basically a "free-for-all" county; the laws and schools are less strict than other countries such as, Japan in which the students there have to go to school six days a week with much more homework then U.S. schools.



Another observation of Alexis is that religion is associated with all the customs of the nation and all the feelings of patriotism. Another way of saying this that there is a religion for everyone. This is still true in 1997 because everyone has there own belief and goes to the church or believes in the religion that they desire. The religious person believes in what he or she wants to believe in and in most case respects what another persons religion might be. The reason for "most" to be in there was because some people are heavily religious and want other people to join there religion and try things such as, persuasion.



Another observation by Alexis is that the majority in the United States supply a mass amount of ready-made options for the use of individuals, who are relieved from having to form their own. What this means is that since there are many people in the U.S., if someone is unable to supply there own option then there will be one for you. Let's say here for a broad example that someone is unclear of which religion he should join, he will choose the one that persuades or suits him the best. Another way of putting this is that people get ideas off of other people. Lets say that someone had part of idea and you had the other, if one of you expressed this idea to the other then you have the full idea.



An overall view would be that Alexis de Tocqueville many have been right about America in the past and for a fact some of the observations, the ones stated above for example, are still true to this day and might be true in the future. Tocqueville's Democracy in America, some people would say, is often cited that many of the observations in it seem extraordinarily suitable even from one hundred and fifty to the present-day. Tocqueville's Democracy in America was often cited by present day critics because of his observations and most people think this will continue to be true in the future.

Thursday, January 3, 2013

Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor


My report is about the attack on Pearl Harbor. In this report I will explain what happened and why it happened. So you know, Pearl Harbor is located on Oahu island, Hawaii.

Pearl Harbor was the operating base of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. The Japanese pulled a surprise attack on the U.S. on December 7, 1941 at 7:50 A.M. during the beginning of World War II. On November 26 a powerful Japanese task force, under the command of vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, left the Kuril Islands; on December 2 it received a coded message issuing the attack order. The undetected Japanese force arrived off the Hawaiian Islands on the morning of December 7. In two successive waves more than 350 Japanese bombers, torpedo planes, and fighters struck. More than 75 U.S. warships(including battleships, cruisers, destroyers, submarines, and auxiliaries) were based at this "Gibraltar of the Pacific." All U.S. aircraft carriers were elsewhere. Observing radio silence, it reached a launching point at 6 AM, December 7. At 7:50 AM, the first wave of Japanese planes struck Pearl Harbor, bombarding airfields and battleships moored at the concrete quays. The U.S. totally taken off guard had to defend themselves in pajamas. They used anti-aircraft guns in an attempt to stop the Japanese. A second wave followed. The surprise attack was over before 10 AM. The results were devastating; 18 U.S. ships were hit, and more than 200 aircraft destroyed or damaged. The battleship Arizona was a total wreck; the West Virginia and California were sunk; and the Nevada was heavily damaged. Approximately 2,400 Americans were killed, 1,300 wounded, and 1,000 missing. Japanese losses were fewer than 100 casualties, 29 planes, and 5 midget submarines. The Japanese totally destroyed the U.S. naval power in the Pacific. The attack was, however, a colossal political and psychological blunder, for it mobilized U.S. public opinion against the Japanese and served as the catalyst that brought the United States into the war. "December 7, 1941," said President Franklin D. Roosevelt, is "a date which will live in infamy." A monument has been built across the hull of the sunken U.S.S. Arizona; it was dedicated as a national memorial in 1962. The next day President Roosevelt told a joint session of Congress that December 7 was "a date which will live in infamy." Congress voted to declare war on Japan. A small boat rescued seamen from USS West Virginia after the surprise Japanese air attack. There are different reasons why the Japanese were able to pull a surprise attack on the United States biggest military base. One is that when the U.S. received the message from the Japanese saying that they were going to declare war the guy who was receiving the message reported that it was a false alarm. The real reason is not known why but Pearl Harbor will always be remembered. They should have known not to mess with the U.S. because after that little stunt they pulled we really set off and got into World War II.

In this report I hope that you have learned a little more about that battle that we fought. Now the U.S. and Japan get along just fine and we trade with them. Lots of business deals go on and we get products from them like tv's, camcorders, and computers. We've even promised to defend them if China or any other country tries to attack them. They better remember one thing and that is they better never double cross us again.

Lessons of the Japanese Economic Miracle for the West

What The United States Can Learn From Japan




Japan and the Four Little Dragons in order to achieve their industrialization goals have a diverse set of policies ranging from limited entitlement programs to a education and government bureaucracy that stresses achievement and meritocracy. But one of the most significant innovations of Japan and the Four Little Dragons is there industrial policy which targets improving specific sectors of the economy by focusing R&D, subsidies, and tax incentives to specific industries that the government wants to promote. The United States could adopt some of these industrial policies to help foster emerging high tech businesses and help existing U.S. business remain competitive with East Asia.
In Japan the government both during the Meiji period and the post World War II period followed a policy of active, sector selective industrial targeting. Japan used basically the same model during both historical periods. The Japanese government would focus its tax incentive programs, subsidies, and R&D on what it saw as emerging industries. During the Meiji period Japan focused it's attention on emulating western technology such as trains, steel production, and textiles. The Meiji leaders took taxes levied on agriculture to fund the development of these new industries. Following World War II Japanese industries used this same strategic industrial policy to develop the high-tech, steel, and car industries that Japan is known for today. Some American industries are currently heavily supported by the government through subsidies and tax breaks to farmers, steel producers, and other industries that have been hurt by foreign competition because they are predominantly low-tech industries. But this economic policy of the U.S. is almost a complete reversal of the economic policies of Japan and the Four Little Tigers; instead of fostering new businesses and high tech industry it supports out of date and low tech firms who have political clout. The existing economic policy of the United States fails to help high tech businesses develop a competitive advantage on the world market instead it stagnates innovation by providing incentives primarily to existing business. The structure of U.S. industrial policy like the structure of an advance welfare state has emphasized rewarding powerful lobbying groups and has not targeted emerging sectors of the economy. The current U.S. industrial policy is a distribution strategy and not a development strategy.
Instead of this ad-hoc industrial policy the United States should follow Japan's model of strategic targeting of emerging technology. The U.S. instead of pouring its money into subsidies and tax breaks for failing low-tech industries should provide loans, subsidies and R&D money for firms that are producing high technology products. Unfortunately, there are several impediments to copying Japan's model: first, tremendous political pressure from interest groups forces politicians to give corporate welfare to failing established firms and not emerging firms. Second, it is difficult for a government to select which sectors of the economy it will target. But despite these obstacles the U.S. is now confronted with trading powers who have coordinated government programs to foster the development of new technology; in comparison the U.S. governments reliance on individual initiative and a lack of government support for new industries has allowed Japan and the Four Little Dragon's to catch up to the U.S. in the area of high technology. In the coming years the U.S. could not just lose its advantage but fall behind if it fails to redirect government subsidies from failing firms to emerging sectors of the economy copying Japan's industrial development model.

DeclarationofIndependence

Declaration Of Independence


The Declaration of Independence was written to show a new theory of government, reasons why they were separating from England, and a formal declaration of war. It gave the 13 colonies freedom from England's laws.

The man responsible for writing the Declaration was Thomas Jefferson. He wrote the Declaration between June 11, 1776 and June 28, 1776. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams looked at what Jefferson had written and made some changes to the Declaration. On July 4, 1776 Congress adopted the Declaration and it was signed by:

John Hancock, Button Gwinnett, Lyman hall, George Walton, Wm Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn, Edward Rutledge, Thos Heyward Jr., Thomas Lynch Jr., Arthur Middleton, Samuel Chase, Thos. Stone , George Wythe, Charles Carrol of Carrollton, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson,
Benjamin Harrison, Thos Nelson Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross, Caesar Rodney, George Read, Tho M. Kean, Wm. Floyd, Phil. Livingston, Frans. Lewis, Lewis Morris, Richard Stockton, Jno.WItherspoon, Fras. Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark, Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry, Stephan Hopkins, William Ellery, Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, Wm. Williams, Oliver Wolcott, and Matthew Thorton.

The reason people wanted the Declaration was because the people thought that they had the right to be free from England and to be their own individual colonies with their own laws. Other things leading up to independence were that the British government had committed acts that many colonists believed violated their rights as English subjects. Also that colonial blood had already been shed trying to defend these rights. The French & Indian war was the war that shed colonists blood to defend their rights.

The Declaration of Independence served three major purposes.

1. Preamble and reasons for separation.
Among the reasons for separation were statements about the king, George III. It said that he was a harsh and evil king and that the colonists shouldn't have to be under his rule. It also said that the citizens were patient, submissive, and long-suffering people. These statements were made to win the public support of the people for the Declaration.

2. A theory of government.
In this part of the Declaration, Jefferson stated the basic principles of democracy. They were "all men are created equal, They are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable1 rights; . . . among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". The purpose of the government was to secure these rights.

3. A formal declaration of war.
This basically stated that war did exist. If the Patriots failed to win independence, the leaders of the revolution could be judged guilty of treason against the British Crown and executed.

The result of the Declaration of Independence was that colonists gained their freedom. They had freedom of religion and had a better government. Look at the world today and see what it has accomplished. Blacks and women now have just as many rights as white men.

I would have wanted to gain independence from the Declaration and separate from England. I think our society has much more freedom now than it would have if we would have stayed with England.





Word Count: 541

2nd essay

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When I find a book I enjoy I tend to run with the author until his style of writing grows old, or until ive read them all. While most of the books I have read some extraordinary books there have been some that have made me want to shoot my self in the face (metaphorically no need to worry). I am currently reading Homer's Iliad for enjoyment and in school I am reading Shakespeare's Hamlet both of which I truly enjoy. My personal favorite and I believe under appreciated book of all time was the WWI book All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich M. Remarque. As a boy I found that I enjoyed reading. Books such as Wayside School series by Louis Sacher, and Maniac McGee were the first books I read. I then began to read the books by Mark Twain including the beginning of the one about being a cowboy. Through middle school I began to read books by S. E. Hintion starting with Outsiders and That Was Then This Is Now and ending with the book Rumble Fish. I read many others over Elementary and Middle School, most of which I can't remember the name or the plot (including one which was a modern version of king Midas with chocolate instead of gold).My favorite books of middle school were Bridge To Teribetheia as well as The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. High School holds my favorite and most memorable selection of books to date probably cause it's the most recent. In my Freshman years I went through a Tolkien stage in which I read almost every one of his books including Unfinished Tales put together by his son Christopher Tolkien. I have in many ways yet to recover from this phase I was even one of those nerds who dressed in Middle-Earth clothing to the release of Two Towers. Directly after that and contributing greatly to my "Aura of nerd" I read all of the Harry Potter books. After that I read the book One Flew Over The Coocoo's Nest which sparked my intrest in human psyche. Instantly my sister recommended Clockwork Orange which I enjoyed though I found the English a little difficult. My surch for insanity lead me to the short storys written by the great Baltimore citizen Eger Allen Poe (personal favorit The Pendulam). Flowing like a stream I quickly picked up several of the butiful works of Steven King, I started with Pet Semetery and included It, and Cristean. Over the summer and beginging of my senior year I started to read books about the world famous British Secrit Agent James Bond, ranging from bouth Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice, Live And Let Die, and Casino Royal and John Gardner's License Renewed, and Never Send Flowers. I am currently reading Homer's Iliad with the help of a book called Mythology by Edith Hamilton and Clifnotes, I was inspird to read this book after watching the movie O' Brother Where Art Thou which is based off the Odyssey but I want to read them in order. During the school year I have been assigned many other books several that I had alredy read (One Flew over the Coocoo's Nest) and others I had to read for the first time (Hamlet, Turn of the Screw) My history with books has covered a wide spectrum from deliciously appetizing books to god awful. Probably the worst series of books I read was by Salvater, I found that each one got worse. His characters seemed to be unrealistic and dull and his plots were poorly planed, worst of all was his depiction of sex witch was so appalling he would unintentionally make your stomach turn. His writing got so annoying that reading him was no longer leisure and became a chore. Another book that caused severe insanity was Huxley's Brave New World which I had to read as my senior thesis, I absolutely dispised this book much for the same reason I hated Salvator's books also I found he truly lacked detail making the picture in my head foggy and unclear. One of my favorit books which I have read in recent years is Erich Maria Remarque's All Quite on the Western Front, this book to me that in inhumane times it is the humanity or comradeship between men that pulls them thru it. Paul the main charictor forms a bond with the other men in his troop that cant be broken even in theyre deaths. In the first or second chapter the men lie looking at the sky betting on a dog fight between two enemy plains not cairing if theyre side won or not. To me the best and purest symbol of comradeship came in the form of the man named Kat, kat would always provide for his buddys. The friendship between Paul and Kat shows when they go to steal a goose Kat was looked upto as an older brother by most of the men. When Paul returns home for a breaf time he feels out of place all he desires is to be back with his friends, he realizes that the life he lead before the war was totally difrent to the person he had become. These books which I have read have permenitly affected my views and outlook on life and many reflect my own personality. The books mentioned in these pages aren't the only ones I have read but they are ether favorites or highly memorable. ������������������������������������������������������������.��1��4��–��œ��ˆ ��§ ��¬ ��ä ��ê ��
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